Bitumen floor screed. . Bitumen floor screed

 
Bitumen floor screed  Option 2: Machine Grinding Removal

mechanically into the bitumen. Day 1: uplift old vinyl, clean floor, Arden NA floor, you can’t walk on it for a few hours. #1 Long time reader, first time poster. 2%, and it is white asbestos which is the least dangerous type. As for wether or not it needs to be primed, i'm not sure to be totally honest. In this case the screed or topping is separated from the floor by insulation boards or an impervious membrane. In modern construction, , manufactured from bitumen modified with limestone fillers and specially graded aggregates. ARDITEX NA can be used with confidence over almost all subfloors without priming including ceramic tiles, bitumen and flooring grade plywood. Each week,an average of 240 899-page impressions are generated by over 64 719 online. 105 mm. Asphalt (1700 kg/m 3) 0. Watco Safety Grip. DIYDave. The coating cures to form a rubber-like elastomeric waterproof membrane and may be applied over many substrates, including asphalt, bitumen and concrete. Andrew Golle clears up the confusion surrounding screeds and explains the difference between waterproofing above or below. I've had to have most of the rubbish mid-1970s pipes under my kitchen floor replaced and I now have 5 metres of trenches between 100mm and 150mm wide. In addition, this product is winning “mat-smoothness” awards because we. There was bumps and bad areas of patching that hadn't quite adhered properly. I believe as long as it's floor grade asphalt/bitumen you can tile straight to it. 27 Sep 2021. Due to the different particle matrix in a granolithic. At CONEXPO 2023, VÖGELE will be presenting a cross-section of its products, from the small paver, the SUPER 700i, the SUPER 1300-3i compact paver and the SUPER 1703-3i 8 ft paver through to the. Screwfix Select. Dr. Caterpillar asphalt screeds feature hydraulic variable-width adjustment and electrically heated screed plates. 26 galvanized sheet gage), corrosion-resistant weep screed or plastic weep screed, with a minimum vertical attachment flange of 3 1 / 2 inches (89 mm), shall be provided at or below the foundation plate line on exterior stud walls in accordance with ASTM C926. The floor is not very level so I was hoping to use some self level on top of it so I can lay a wood floor. Sounds like dpm (damp proof membrane) if it’s solid hard like glass and brittle check if your floor has been damp proofed if was under vinyl tiles not bitumen about 20 years ago the adhesive use. wrap hessian sleeving around all of the pipes ensuring they're covered. Check out current offers for the AP1055. Re: Asphalt floor. SCREED DEPTHS- HIGHFLOW S From 15mm bonded for TS15, 30 unbounded 35mm floating domestic (40mm commercial) 35mm UFH pipes with HTC FOOT TRAFFIC 24-48 hours SCREED SUPER POWERS Up to 2000m2 per day. We have removed the wooden batons ,but we want to put down a new wooden floor. uk. Concrete Repair. From the mid 1960s to the mid 1990s a typical concrete floor comprised a layer of hardcore, a polythene damp proof membrane laid on a thin bed of sand (to prevent puncturing), and a floor screed. Like a lot of houses of that age, the ground floor is bitumen/asphalt over a concrete screed. 5:25 AM. then a liquid membrane goes over this called ardex dpm 1c. "A typical suspended floor installation could cost you between £1,600 and £2,900 depending on the circumstances," say Energy Saving Trust. Nevertheless. Like a lot of houses of that age, the ground floor is bitumen/asphalt over a. For the application of hot bitumen mastic the latter should be heated to 274F, so that it is easy to apply and penetrates well into all the cracks and irregularities. Option 2: Machine Grinding Removal. 28 Jun 2008. Screed has three meanings in building construction: . From the mid 1960s to the mid 1990s a typical concrete floor comprised a layer of hardcore, a polythene damp proof membrane laid on a thin bed of sand (to prevent puncturing), and a floor screed. For screeds up to 60mm a minimum 1. Aerated concrete slab (500 kg/m 3) 0. If that was the case it's easy to get up, as usually 9/10 times it's concrete underneath. surprisingly the bitumen actually snapped cleanly a bit at a time. September 08, 2023. Fixit Novolac TC Dr. Will make new screed blow. Marley Tile Removal . Vogele When paving, the last point of contact between the paver and the final product is the screed. The bitumen is about 20 mm thick and, I believe, serves as moisture barrier as well as an 'appearance' finish. (Picks are used on large ride on models). Screeds should be laid to the specified. For mastic asphalt, wood block and strip, and some textile floor coverings, a non-slip finish is appropriate, while thin sheet and tile floor coverings usually require a smoother, steel trowelled surface. Fixit Super Latex Pagel ZL10 Pagel U40 Dr. Mastic asphalt is also used for paving and its application is suitable across a range of performance needs from minimal foot traffic to. mechanically into the bitumen. Only one coat though. The most popular screed types include cement screed, anhydrite screed (also calcium sulphate screed), mastic asphalt screed and dry screed. Wayners, Jan 8, 2021. £75 per m2. It provides a good, smooth, hard-wearing floor surface, making it popular in construction. BREEDONFlow® Swiftscreed is suitable for floating, bonded and un-bonded flooring systems, including most underfloor heating systems and all. It can be used over most existing adhesive residues, including bitumen. #1. 13 Apr 2005. Moreover, concrete provides a more rigid and even surface for the tile installation. There are many proprietary screeds on the market and information about these can be obtained from the manufacturer. The source of the moisture might be the concrete itself —water vapor may. View the complete range of roof waterproofing solutions. Coupled with the fact that laying a new floor on top of old bitumen can cause a negative reaction to the new material, it is best to remove bitumen floors before looking to lay a new one. Unit weight or density is used to quantify the weight per unit volume of an object. 5 ratio of cement to sharp sand. Page 1 of 2 Monolithic screeds should be laid within three hours of the concrete sub-floor being poured. b. Typically; self-levelling compounds are suitable with most screeds, including sand:cement, anhydrite and flooring grade asphalt. Dr. Ambient Air Temperature. 1 Weep screeds. 07545421044. BAY SIZE. SCHOMBURG, the construction chemicals manufacturer from Detmold, develops, produces and markets system construction materials for the national and international market. £14 per m2. It cures in 2-4 hours and is extremely flexible. Cement screed is the most commonly installed type of screed and averages around £12 per sqm. If the floor is just soil underneath the screed then take the level down enough to allow for. Select the screed mix ratio (cement: sand) from the dropdown menu. 2. Bonded or Un-bonded. It maintains and adjusts the temperature in both summer and winter. a. Find your nearest reseller. Our tough asphalt repair products provide a heavy duty, hard wearing and long lasting repair. Data sheetsHomeData sheetsAll downloadsCertificatesSafety data sheetsData sheetsDoPBulk Asphalt / Aggregates CertBulk & Packed Cement & Lime CertMortar, Blocks, Screed and Packed MarkingBrochuresContractor guidesSupplier Accreditation Information DSM Natural Colours Data Sheet TRUSCREED Ultra Pro Data Sheet. Firstly the floor is covered with a thin layer of primer which allows the screed to adhere correctly to the floor. A scabbler would do quite a lot of surface breaking which would, unless you were extremely diligent, probably leave some bitumen residue which stops the latex or smoothing compound from bonding to the floor. The floor screed was very poor - like the bl**dy Himalayas! The room was originally 2 rooms (before we bought the house). We have a specialist asphalt flooring team who can help you with all aspects of asphalt flooring. Remove parquet and some bitumen, seal the floor and remaining bitumen, then use a self levelling compound to level the floor. Balconies, Walkways and Terraces; Podium Deck Flooring Solutions; Internal Flooring Solutions; Paving Solutions; Floor Components – Accessories. It is essential when a floor that is next to the ground is constructed, that a proper damp proof membrane is placed to prevent these issues. An easy-to-use floor levelling compound – just add water in correct quantity as directed, mixing with a suitable Mixing Paddle and Drill for a minimum of 2 minutes Absorbent surfaces – Concrete and sand/cement screeds must be primed with Setcrete™ Acrylic Primer diluted in the ratio of 1 part primer to 7 parts waterBituminous Membrane. Asphalt floor screed is also known as. can be installed in one coat at the required thickness using heat. 2. My house was built 1950. Option 2: Machine Grinding Removal. Screed has three meanings in building construction: . Concrete floor with bitumen paint – more bitumen or seal . Contact. Ground Floor - Most floors were concrete, often comprising a layer of hardcore (often industrial waste), a 100mm concrete slab and a granolithic screed covered with thermoplastic tiles bedded in bitumen (often with no separate DPM). In the past, flat roofs could be waterproofed and “forgotten”about, except for the occasional maintenance work. It may be applied onto either a solid in-situ concrete ground floor slab or onto a precast concrete floor unit. Polyurethane Primer. Apply in 2 consecutive thin coats approximately 1 hour apart. Screed, is a thinner layer of concrete typically poured over a slab or concrete base forming a smooth surface. Mastic Asphalt Screed should be laid directly to the primed concrete/ sand & cement screed wherever possible. bitumen, old adhesives, paint, grease, weak cement screeds, shutter release and curing agents, sealing compounds, etc. Make SBR / Slurry mix and paint over floor area (ensuring fully covering Bitumen adhesive) - leave to dry. It also provides guidelines for the selection of felts, primers and bitumen for different climatic zones and roof slopes. Spread evenly over the floor surface with a steel screeding trowel to give the required thickness. Suitable for use over plywood substrates and MAPEI surface applied DPMs in most cases without priming. info@dbfloorscreeding. Fixit Epoxy Floor Screed Dr. Option 1: Chemical Removal. The use of gradings C or M of BS 882 are not recommended in BS 8204-1 !:2003+A1:2009" . N. All the best JJ. In the end I used an old 2" chisel. Adding 1/2" to 1" height to slab cheaply, then finishing with 1/4" self-leveler. . i try to keep up on new products and a company called ardex uk make a latex based levelling compound called (arditex na)that goes straight over bitumen to seal it. For Indoor Use. The use of a spiked roller can further improve the product performance. Screwfix Select. 0800 242 5589 - info@speed-screed. SBR is more formally known as Styrene Butadiene Rubber. +65 98922908 or 88695136 -Whats App or SMS admin@diatomreno. Damp coming up through concrete floor. This document is useful for engineers, architects and contractors involved in building and civil. 3. The leading company in the building industry, with over 80 years of experience in adhesives, sealants & chemical products. 10. I have come across a bitumen floor (mixed with sand) that was around. Liquid-applied membrane (LAM) is a monolithic, fully-bonded, liquid-based coating suitable for many waterproofing and roofing applications. e. 13 Aug 2020. This has left a black bitumenous residue on the concrete screed and I'm concerned about tiling. Screed Weight. It's more commonly (when used indoors) used as screed. Removal of Asbestos Bitumen Glue & Adhesive: Cost + VAT. Trade levelling and smoothing compound, protein-free with low odour and high compressive strength. Sub floor not too bad level wise but big planks so need it to be as flat as poss. Couldn't dissolve it (safely) with anything. Using a spirit level to check the level of a floor and measure thickness of screed required. This bitumen-friendly self-leveling compound is relatively easy to use and can be applied to many different types of flooring, including… Concrete, and Floor Screed; Ceramic, Porcelain, and Quarry Tiles; Plywood, Terrazzo, Old Adhesives & More; This economical product sets in as little as 4 hours, and you can apply the floor covering quickly. Fixit Piditop 444 Dr. Like all screeds, it is not intended to be the finished, wearing surface. Concrete; Sand/cement screeds; Anhydrite screeds; Wooden boards; Underfloor heating/warming; Insulation boards; Existing tiles; BitumenMastic Asphalt Screed admin 2020-05-21T19:36:07+00:00. Cat asphalt paving machine - Floor screeds even on a concrete slab are laid each time a developer has finished the slab concrete. It provides a strong, stable screed with shorter drying times. ARDEX manufacture a range of award-winning latex-based and water-based self levelling & smoothing compounds for internal and external use. Easy-Melt combines the benefits of a high quality bonding bitumen, with the greater efficiency, safer handling and reduced waste that come from this convenient package. Pouring hot bitumen is dangerous and need a lot of care, do a small bit at a time, you also have to keep an eye when heating bitumen as it will expand and rises very. For levelling or smoothing differences in thickness of 1-10 mm to receive all types of floor coverings. 30. At Diatomreno, we build sand cement screed floors to a high standard using quality materials and highly skilled staff. ® Construction Chemicals’ range of specialised floor coatings are screeds based on bitumen, dry shake cementitious materials, self levelling cementitious screeds, epoxies and polyurethanes. Paint or roller this over your bitumen then screed away (follow mix/drying instructions on sbr tub) Screeds & Mortars for tiling works. Fixit Pidipoxy EC Dr. 019-inch (0. However, it was common practice to apply a layer of bitumen on top of the floor slab to stick down woodblock flooring or thermoplastic floor tiles, which acted as a basic DPM. Also, all pre-application preparation should be completed in accordance with the roof coating manufacturer’s requirements. Save 49%. It applies to all building types. Awards and Accreditations. CODES / SPECIFICATION. This will dry in approximately one hour depending on the undulation of the sub floor surface. Can be applied at 1mm to 2mm in one layer, several layers, can be applied to cover badly worn patches. We get loads of sub floored Ashphalted as it’s great for a Dpm and building the levels up from parquet wood being taken up. Select the screed mix ratio (cement: sand) from the dropdown menu. Heidelberg Materials offer Asphalt deliveries 24 hours, 7 days a week up to a distance of 50 miles from each strategically located asphalt plant. Volume. By. The addition of other polymers means that it can be flexible and resistant to crack formation. Mastic asphalt screed has many advantages when. A minimum 0. Screwfix Select. Medium Duty. A commitment available to all designers, contractors, users and clients thanks to innovative products and solutions with the lowest impact on the environment. They are available in rear-extender and front-extender models. From deep below ground to high above it, Fosroc delivers a full range of world-class waterproofing systems that ensure the integrity and durability of concrete structures. It has an interesting chemistry, with different forms used for different purposes, but in the paving trade, it's most common use is to 'beef up' mortars and concretes. com. Is there a primer I. Asphalt paving repair contractors - Floor screeds even on a concrete slab are laid each time a developer has finished the slab concrete. Flexible – using asphalt floor screed takes away any worries about uneven settling and crack formation damaging the floor or the covering placed upon it. I’m Andy Parkin, Managing Director of the Multi-Award Winning Speed Screed. screeds, rigid metal, terrazzo and quarry tiles, and asphalt and other strong, rigid subfloors. MMA flooring has a unique chemical structure that allows for newly laid resin flooring systems to be fully serviceable. Latexplan No Ammonia is suitable for levelling differences in thickness between 3mm to 10mm on new and existing substrates. Country. Pouring hot bitumen is. Anhydrite screed usually costs in the range of £15 – £20 per sqm, mastic. It may be applied onto either a solid in-situ concrete ground floor slab or onto a precast concrete floor unit. Two parts, Solvent-free; Good flexibility, withstand micro cracks in concrete; Go to product. Medium Duty. Jobs a good'n. Large area repair mortars. Hi Pete, I have the answer. I have just unearthed some papers which indicate that the extension area has 50mm of screed on top of a 100mm slab of concrete. The first method requires the screed topping to be hard so that a scabbling machine can be used to remove the top layer of the screed surface, which contains the bitumen. Bitumen floor screed is an eco-friendly, cost-effective and aesthetically pleasing flooring solution that has been gaining popularity in recent years. We provide a solution for all types of flat roof constructions, whether your project is a new build or refurbishment. Asphalt floor screed is made by combining specific bitumens and aggregates with limestone filler. The cost of a traditional screed is between £11 and £14 per square meter, based on a thickness of 75mm and a daily coverage of 125 square meters. ON AVERAGE: £20 – £40 PER SQM. It was commonly used to glue floor tiles in place and can be found in many buildings constructed before 2000. Ne. 3, Prime the slc layer with suitable product for slc. Same as self leveller over flooring ply, 1 coat SBR 1-4, pour away, happy days. Floor Screeds Vermiculite floor screeds are widely used in single and multi-story buildings. There were loads of embedded circles from creeping under the weight of various furniture. ph@bostik. This is particularly important when the levelling out an uneven substrate. Request ARDEX Warranty. Andrew Golle clears up the confusion surrounding screeds and explains the difference between waterproofing above or below. Note: ARDEX A38 / A48 Rapid Set Screed does not require additionalAsphalt Plant Locations & Delivery. Thermal conductivity (W/mK) Acoustic plasterboard. Asphalt/bitumen floor repair before screeding and fitting amtico . LVTs like Karndean Amtico Moduleo etc yes. Mixing Ratio. Preferred methods of floor construction for such premises are full-thickness trowelled concrete or a topping on a concrete base. Self levelling floors screed compound from the DIY Doctor store. Mastic asphalt screed has many advantages when compared to traditional screeds. Reinforced with ScreedMax Fibres or mesh. co. Flexible system to cope with natural movements in the asphalt. Always check that the profile that is produced by the flail/picks selected are suitable for the material to be applied, the type and thickness of surface to be removed and the finished profile produced. I believe as long as it's floor grade asphalt/bitumen you can tile straight to it. This procedure covers the methodology to be followed for carrying out IPS Flooring in line with the approved technical specifications. Neverthel. service@bostik. The house was situated in Caversham. This site contains a wealth of information on our extensive product range, along with a selection of videos demonstrating their application. Asphalt floor screed is also known as mastic asphalt has a multitude of applications. Lay a water resistant/proof underlay to seperate the slc and an engineered wood floor to form a floating floor. Damp coming up through concrete floor. Typical applications are the protection of concrete floors and screeds against wear from traffic abrasion, as well as a. There are many proprietary screeds on the market and information about these can be obtained from the manufacturer. Crucially for many projects, IKO mastic asphalt products are carbon neutral, achieving the CarbonZero Standard. The flooring can accommodate the stresses put upon it by adjusting accordingly. add. Bituminous membranes are perfect for waterproofing roofs, basements, below-ground structures, bridges and other structures. #2. i try to keep up on new products and a company called ardex uk make a latex based levelling compound called (arditex na)that goes straight over bitumen to seal it. Easy-Melt bitumen is simple to use, as the blocks are just. Compare models. 15mm mains water - laid hessian felt sleeve on top of pipe (not around) 28mm gas - wrapped gaffer tape around the pipe. 5. LVTs like Karndean Amtico Moduleo etc yes. Excellent adhesion and covering power. Ground bearing concrete floors - 1960s to 1990s. With the slogan “Quality on all levels“, our product range has a wide coverage with over 2,000 qualitative high quality construction products worldwide for the most diverse of applications. Awards and Accreditations. 2. Fixit Piditop 333 Dr. 5 mm) (No. It provides a good, smooth, hard-wearing floor surface, making it popular in construction. Bitumen and asphalt pump; Semi-trailer floor-screed conveyor *Prices are pre-tax. There are three main types of screed – bonded, unbonded and floating. Lightweight, less noisy and simpler alternative to gas powered cut-off machines. Three choices for successful screed selection in commercial paving. Today, new solid floors are far. Ceramic coverings. Specialist blast, ballistic blocks and fast beam and block materials. If you need to scale surfaces, we have a wide range of surface scalers and grinders including hire packs to save you money. I bought some real wood (oak) to lay over the ground floor of my ex-Council house which was built in the 50's. As it's technically tarmac i wouldn't see the need to. When covering the Sikafloor®-200 Level (ZA) always ensure the moisture content. Acrylic coatings: Acrylic coatings. l. Fixit Piditop 444 Dr. . Flowing (Cementitious) Cementitious flowing floor screed, such as Cemfloor, is delivered in truck mixers and placed in-situ by pumping. Re: Asphalt floor. Screeds above underfloor heating should not exceed 40m 2 with a maximum length of 8m. Cleaning up Concrete floor covered in Bitumen – Tile. Watco's range of floor sealers; harden, protect, seal and dustproof floor surfaces. Prime CE. Screwfix Select. Floor and Roof Screeds Vermiculite concrete screeds are light, insulating and intrinsically fire resistant. Ne. (29) £3. Blocks Aircrete, dense, aggregate, trench and concrete blocks for building. I agree with your damp guy's assessment - take the timber up, strip the bitumen (horrible job), take the timber battens out and fill the holes, then put in a 2- or 3-coat epoxy resin DPM which will seal the surface properly. Waterproof and seamless. I'm only diy here but I would suggest a SBR Slurry coat over the bitumen would aid adhesion between the layers. 2. Causes of floor coating blisters. #3. U then primer the floor ready for latexing. Fortunately, there are a few easy ways to repair bitumen floor screed, ensuring it looks. Values given with 20 °C and 65 % rel. The new wall had screws put into the old foundation of the original wall. The only problem being sbr additive is expensive . Layer Thickness. The DPM should: have sealed laps of at least 300mm wide. If used as an underlay for , two coats may be required. Essentially, there are two types of self-levelling compound. This makes them perfectly suited for. The bitumen is about 15-25 mm thick and, I believe, serves as moisture barrier as well as an 'appearance' finish. A floor screed is usually a cementitious material made from a 1:3 or 1:4. Asbestos in Bitumen. Due to its properties during installation, mastic asphalt is already prepared so that compression by heavy rollers is not required. 00 (Ex VAT) New lower price. This will make the screed strong and will adhere over the Bitumen . Used the primer neat as guidelines suggested. If it's going to be level and 2"-3" thick i don't see the need for SLC. com - Is asphalt floor screed a blast from the past? I’m Andy Parkin, Managing Director of the Multi-Award… Asphalt Floor Screed on Vimeo1. Screeds & Toppings 1. Each week,an average of 240 899-page impressions are generated by over 64 719 online. a. Go to project. We also have a selection of floor grinders and dust extractors. Like a lot of houses of that age, the ground floor is bitumen/asphalt over a concrete screed. A floor screed is usually a cementitious material made from a 1:3 or 1:4. Otherwise, if the surface is irregular, it is better to use the liquid membrane, even on the old cover. We operate a 200 vehicle strong company fleet of fully CLOCS and FORS Gold compliant non-tipping Walking Floor artics and 8 wheel tippers. Our calculator supports three mix ratios: 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5. Our tough asphalt repair products provide a heavy duty, hard wearing and long lasting repair. Moisture damage to the floor had to be dealt to ensure a successful installation. com. I’m here to talk about Asphalt Floor Screed. GET IN TOUCH Office Phone: +632 7900-5656 Customer support: +632 7900-5633 Bostik Philippines, Inc. High strength surface bonding for wood, paper, veneers, stone, fabrics, plaster, concrete, renders and cement screed, plasterboard, wall coverings, bitumen, polystyrene tiles, painted surfaces, walls,. Can be used on concrete, screeds and stone floors. Browse short-form content that's perfect for a quick read. Ideal for cutting concrete, asphalt, and metal in indoor or enclosed environments. Part 6. Floating engineered wood is ok. . Thanks to high wear and chemical resistance, our industrial floors can. It removes differences in thickness from 1-10mm. Standard or Ultimate Tarmac asphalts. The bitumen is hard to the touch even in warm. 2 July 2013 at 8:01AM. allatt champion screeds 600a 3 piece screed part # description qty alternate oem# ala70001 screed plate 8ft 1 10347185 ala70290-1 screed ext. Technical Data ARDEX DPM 1 C. The most common cause of failure when using screed bases is construction. A scabbler would do quite a lot of surface breaking which would, unless you were extremely diligent, probably leave some bitumen residue which stops the latex or smoothing compound from bonding to the floor. When paving, the last point of contact between the paver and the final product is the screed. #2. Our floor coating systems are designed to suit the specific conditions of a particular industry area, including automotive, electronics, chemical, food and beverage facilities, warehouses, parking garages, etc. Fixit PU Plain Injection Dr. com. It was (and is) is a mixture of cement and course sand (typically one part cement to three or four parts sand) mixed with the minimum amount of water and laid to a. com 35th Floor Raffles Corporate Center F. Liquid screed is also more environmentally friendly than sand cement screed, offers ergonomically friendly installation and there is no risk of cement burns to workers. #1. Hi Pete, I have the answer. DownloadsHomeDownloadsAll downloadsCertificatesSafety data sheetsData sheetsDoPBulk Asphalt / Aggregates CertBulk & Packed Cement & Lime CertMortar, Blocks, Screed and Packed MarkingBrochuresContractor guidesSupplier Accreditation Information BBA Certificate ULTIFLEX 6MM BBA Certification ULTIPAVE 6mm BBA. An extremely high-quality flexible floor screed for both children’s play areas and equestrian environments. 0. For a bagged liquid screed, ARDEX offer ARDEX A 70 GYPFLO. From basecoats and rollers to a range of levelling compounds, shop our floor levelling products from trusted brands. 6200 lb. How cut 4" wide, 2" deep hole in concrete floor. Polymer modified. Removal of Asbestos Bitumen Glue & Adhesive: Cost + VAT. Quick drying (24 hours for light traffic) Excellent resistance to UV and weathering. 3.